ஆராயுங்கள் Explore

The Tamil script. Key numbers. Literary vocabulary. Everything you need to begin exploring the world's oldest living classical literary tradition.

The Living Alphabet

Tamil script is a Brahmic abugida with 12 vowels, 18 consonants, and 216 combined consonant-vowel forms. It has remained largely unchanged for over 1,500 years.

a
ā
i
ī
u
ū
e
ē
ai
o
ō
au
ka
ṅa
ca
ña
ṭa
ṇa
ta
na
pa
ma
ya
ra
la
va
ḻa
ḷa
ṟa
ṉa

Tamil Literature by the Numbers

5th century BCE

Earliest dated Tamil inscriptions — among the oldest in South Asia.

80+ languages

The Thirukkural has been translated into more languages than any other Indian text.

2,500+ Sangam poems

Preserved in the eight anthologies, collected over several centuries.

1 living classical language

Tamil is the only ancient classical language with an unbroken living tradition.

18 minor works

The Pathinenkilkanakku — eighteen minor works of the post-Sangam era.

3 books of the Kural

Aram (virtue), Porul (wealth), and Inbam (love) — all of human life in couplets.

Key Literary Terms

அகம்
akam
The interior — love poetry of the private heart
புறம்
puram
The exterior — public poetry of war and kings
திணை
tiṇai
Landscape-based genre — the tinai system
உரை
urai
Classical commentary — the living tradition of interpretation
கட்டளை
kaṭṭaḷai
The meter — precise rhythmic rules governing Tamil verse
மரபு
marabu
The tradition — the unbroken thread of Tamil letters
சுவை
cuvai
Aesthetic flavour — the rasa of Tamil poetic experience
கலை
kalai
Art — the integration of music, dance, and poetry

A Random Kural

Kural 1

அகர முதல எழுத்தெல்லாம் ஆதி
பகவன் முதற்றே உலகு.

As the letter "A" is the first of all letters, so the Eternal is first in the world.

Chapter: The Praise of God · Book of Virtue

Tamil Literary History at a Glance

~500 BCE Earliest Tamil Brahmi inscriptions
~300 BCE Sangam academy (legend)
~200 BCE Tolkappiyam — Tamil grammar
~100 CE Peak of Sangam poetry
~200 CE Silappadikaram composed
~300 CE Thirukkural composed
~500 CE Manimekalai, Civaka Cintamani
~700 CE Nayanmars compose Tevaram
~900 CE Nammalvar — Thiruvaymoli
~1180 CE Kambar — Kambaramayanam
Today Tamil spoken by 80 million people worldwide