India has a single, integrated judicial system, meaning all courts are part of one hierarchy, with the Supreme Court at the top.
The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches.
The Supreme Court of India:
Role: The apex court of the land.
- It is the final court of appeal and the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution.
Appointment: The Chief Justice of India (CJI) and other judges are appointed by the President based on the recommendation of the [[Collegium]] (a body of the CJI and the four most senior Supreme Court judges).
High Courts:
Role: The highest judicial body in each state.
- They have the power to hear appeals from lower courts and issue writs to protect fundamental rights.
Appointment: Judges are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a collegium that includes the CJI and senior judges.
Subordinate Courts (District Courts):
Role: These are the courts at the district level and below, where most civil and criminal cases are first heard. They function under the direct supervision of the High Court.