“India will be a global player in the digital economy” –Sunder Pichai, CEO Google

Indian economy is the 5th largest economy of the world. In terms of industrialization and economic growth, India holds a robust position with an average growth rate of 7% (approximately).

==Strengths of Indian Economy==

1. India has a mixed economy
2. Agriculture plays the key role
   • Around 60% of the people in India depend upon agriculture for their livelihood. In fact, about 17% of our GDP today is contributed by the agricultural sector.
3. An emerging market
   • This has attracted significant foreign capital through FDI and FII.
4. Emerging Economy
   • India bags the 5th position in terms of nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 3rd in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).

G20 Countries

1. Fast Growing Economy.
2. Fast growing Service Sector

• The service sector, contributes a lion’s share of the GDP in India

1. Large Domestic consumption
2. Rapid growth of Urban areas
   • Urbanization is a key ingredient of the growth of any economy.
3. Stable macro economy
   • “heaven of macroeconomic stability, resilience and optimism”
   • According to the Economic Survey for the year 2014-15, 8%plus GDP growth rate has been predicted, with actual growth turning out to be a little less (7.6%). This is a clear indication of a stable macroeconomic growth.
4. Demographic dividend

• The human capital of India is young. This means that India is a pride owner of the maximum percentage of youth.
• The young population is not only motivated but skilled and trained enough to maximize the growth.

==Weakness of Indian Economy==

1. Large Population
   • The population growth rate in India is as high as 1.7 per 1000.
   • The annual addition of population equals the total population of Australia.
2. Inequality and poverty
   • There exists a huge economic disparity in the Indian economy.
   • The proportion of income and assets owned by top 10% of Indians goes on increasing.
   • Still a higher percentage of individuals are living Below Poverty Line (BPL).
   • Top 1% Hold 22% Of Income.
   • Bottom 50 per cent earned just 13 per cent.
   • The level of income inequality among India’s population remained very high even during the British colonial rule from 1857-1947.
3. Increasing Prices of Essential Goods
4. Weak Infrastructure
5. Inadequate Employment generation
   • The Indian economy is characterized by ‘jobless growth’.
6. Outdated technology

Demographics Trends

1. Population

   • Over a period of 100 years, India has quadrupled its population size.
   • India has only about 2.4% of the world’s geographical area and contributes less than 1.2% of the world’s income, but accommodates about 17.5% of the world’s population
   • In other words, every 6th person in the world is an Indian.
   • The negative growth during 1911- 21 was due to rapid and frequent occurrence of epidemics like cholera, plague and influenza and also famines.
   • The year 1921 is known as the ‘Year of Great Divide’ for India’s population as population starts increasing.
   • During 1951, population growth rate has come down from 1.33% to 1.25%. Hence it is known as ‘Year of Small divide’
   • In 1961, population of India started increasing at the rate of 1.96% i.e, 2%. Hence 1961 is known as ‘Year of Population Explosion’.
   • In the year 2001, the Population of India crossed one billion (100 crore) mark.
   • The 2011 census reveals growth of youth population which is described as ‘demographic transition’.

2. Birth & Death Rate

From the data it is clear that the fall in birth rates is less than that of death rates.

==Bihar== has the highest decadal (2001-11) growth rate of population, while ==Kerala== has the lowest growth rate.

The four states Bihar, ==Madhya Pradesh==, ==Rajasthan== and ==Uttar Pradesh== called BIMARU states have very high population.

1. Density of population

Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have density higher than the India’s average density.

• Bihar is the most densely populated state with 1,102 persons followed by West Bengal with 880.
• Arunachal Pradesh has low density of population of only 17 persons
• Tamilnadu population density 555 person /sq.km

1. Sex Ratio

In India, the sex ratio is ==more favourable to males== than to females. In Kerala, the adult sex ratio is 1084 as in 2011.

The recent census (2011) shows that there has been a marginal increase in sex ratio.

• Haryana has the lowest sex ratio of 877 (2011)
• Kerala has the highest sex ratio of 1084 (2011)
• Tamilnadu Sex Ratio 996 (2011)

1. Life expectancy at birth

A considerable fall in death rate is responsible for improvement in the life expectancy at birth. However the life expectancy in India is very low compared to that of developed countries.

1. Literacy ratio

In 1951, only one fourth of the males and one twelfth of the females were literates. Thus, on an average, only one sixth of the people of the country were literates. In 2011, 82% of males and 65.5% of females were literates giving an overall literacy rate of 74.04% (2011).

When compared to other developed countries and even Sri Lanka ==this rate is very low==

• Kerala has the highest literacy ratio (94%), Mizoram (91.3%),followed by Goa (88.7%), Himachal Pradesh (82.8%), Maharastra (82.3%),Sikkim (81.4%), and Tamil Nadu (80.1%).
• Bihar has the lowest literacy ratio (61.8%) in 2011.

Natural Resources

1. Land Resources

• In terms of area India ranks seventh in the world with a total area of 32.8 lakh sq. km.
• It accounts for ==2.42% of total area of the world==.
• In India, land is being fragmented and become ineconomic.

1. Forest Resources

• India’s forest cover in 2007 is 69.09 million hectare. which constitutes 21.02 % of the total geographical area.
  • Of this, ==8.35 million hectare is very dense forest==, 31.90 million hectare is moderately dense forest and the rest 28.84 million hectare is open forest.

1. Mineral Resources

• Iron Ore
  • India possesses high quality iron-ore in abundance.
  • The total reserves of iron-ore in the country are about 14.630 million tonnes of haematite and 10,619 million tonnes of magnetite.
  • Hematite iron is mainly found in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Goa and Karnataka.
  • The major deposit of magnetite iron is available at western coast of Karnataka.
  • Some deposits of iron ore are also found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
• Coal and Lignite
  • Coal is the largest available mineral resource. India ranks third in the world after China and USA in coal production.
  • The main centres of coal in India are the West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
  • Bulk of the coal production comes from Bengal Jharkhand coalfields.
• Bauxite
  • Bauxite is a main source of metal like aluminium.
  • Major reserves are concentrated in the East Coast bauxite deposits of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
• Mica
  • Mica is a heat resisting mineral which is also a bad conductor of electricity. It is used in electrical equipments as an insulator.
  • India stands first in sheet mica production and contributes 60% of mica trade in the world.
  • The important mica bearing pegmatite is found in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan
• Oil
  • Oil is being explored in India at many places of Assam and Gujarat. Digboi, Badarpur, Naharkatia, Kasimpur, Palliaria, Rudrapur, Shivsagar, Mourn (All in Assam) and Hay of Khambhat, Ankaleshwar and Kalol (All in Gujarat) are the important places of oil exploration in India.
• Gold
  • India possesses only a limited gold reserve.
  • There are only three main gold mine regions—Kolar Goldfield, Kolar district and Hutti Goldfield in Raichur district (both in Karnataka) and Ramgiri Goldfield in Anantpur district (Andhra Pradesh).
• Diamond
  • As per UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)the total reserves of diamond is estimated at around 4582, thousand carats which are mostly available in Panna(Madhya Pradesh),Rammallakota of Kurnur district of Andhra Pradesh and also in the Basin of Krishna River.
  • The new Kimberlile fields have been discovered in Raipur and Pastar districts of Chattisgarh, Nuapada and Bargarh districts of Odisha, Narayanpet – Maddur Krishna areas of Andhra Pradesh and Raichur Gulbarga districts of Karnataka.

Infrastructure

1. Economic Infrastructure

Economic infrastructure is the support system which helps in facilitating production and distribution.

1. Transport

For the sustained economic growth of a country, a well connected and efficient transport system is needed.

• The total length of roads in India being over 30 lakh km
• India has one of the largest road networks in the world.
• In terms of railroads, India has a broad network of railroad lines, the largest in Asia and the fourth largest in the world.
• The total rail route length is about 63,000 km and of this 13,000 km is electrified.
• The major Indian ports including Calcutta, Mumbai, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam and Goa handle about 90% of sea borne trade and are visited by cargo carriers and passenger liners from all parts of the world.
• The National Harbour board was set up in1950 to advise the Central and State Governments on the management and development of ports, particularly minor ports.
• The domestic air services are being looked after by Indian Airlines and private airlines. The international airport service is looked after by Air India.
• Air India and Indian Airlines were merged on August 27, 2007 to from National Aviation Company of India Ltd. (NACIL)

1. Energy

• Notes pending

2. Social Infrastructure

One of the reasons for the low productivity of Indian workers is the lack of development of social infrastructure.

Education

1. Education

• The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) in India formulates education policy in India and also undertakes education programs.

1. Education system

• Education in India until 1976 was the responsibility of the State governments.
• It was then brought under concurrent list (both Centre and State).
• The Centre is represented by the Ministry of Human Resource Development decides the India’s education budget.

1. Education institution

• Education in India follows the 10+2 pattern.
• The accreditation of the universities is decided under the University Grants Commission Act.
• The budget share of the education sector is around 3% of GDP, of this largest proportion goes for school education. However, per pupil expenditure is the lowest for school students. Enuku purila 😭

Health

1. Health in India

• Health in India is a state government responsibility. Para usaru
• The Central Council Of Health and Welfare formulates the various health care projects and health department reform policies.
• The administration of health industry in India as well as the technical needs of the health sector are the responsibility of the Ministry Of Health And Welfare.
• The ayurvedic medicine practice, unani or galenic herbal care, homeopathy, allopathy, yoga, and many more.
• The medical practicing in India needs a proper licensing from the Ministry of Health. All medical systems are now under one ministry viz AYUSH.

1. Health Care Service

• The health care services in India are mainly the responsibility of the Ministry of Health.
• State wise, health status is better in Kerala as compared to other States.
• Compared to other developed countries, India’s ==health status is not satisfactory==. India’s health status is ==poor compared to Sri Lanka.== Enada nadakuthu …

Don’t look 👇

Before colonialism and colonialism

Before colonialism and colonialism

India - chinna silk route

Textile, masala, hand crafts, ship build

Developed cultural sharing and economic growth

According to Madison estimate (2020)

In 1700 india have 24% share in global economic

After 100 years is 16%

In 1900 it’s just 8%

In 1947 only 5%

In ~ 250 years we lost 19%

Reasons

Industrial revolution

தகவல் தொடர்பு

Railway, steam ship

Good things

In europe the go to democratic

In North America abort colonialism

But create in. Asia and Africa

Communism and capitalism

World wars

…

1757 pilasy war

Low export of cotton

Without tax they export cotton to British

And important textile without tax in india

They use railway for transportation purpose

…

Down of muhals local akapors got rich

After colonialism

Janseji tata

The tata irons and steel name changed to tata steel in 1907

Water current ஃ. Tata Power 1910

Indian science education 1909

Thj mahak hotel 1903

Girloskar brothers limited 1888 in engineering

Birla family cotton and abin to production manufacturing

Al , cement, automobile, chemical and multiuse sanal factory, kansiyaam dass and birla

1865 shaborgi balangi infrastructure

Artheshir gothraj 1897

Locks and allience தளவாடங்கள்

Vaalsanth , shikanya family jk , murugapa, TVs, Bajaj

Banks

Pajap national bank

Bank of India

Bank of paroda

Central Bank of India

Indian overseas Bank

Indian industrialist play role in Indian freedom, human resources development,

Lack of investment in farming and education make big difference between india to world.

Licence raj

Bombay plan 1944

After independence

Planning plays big role

1st mixed economy

Strict in business for save Indian business

Inspire from sovit union 5 year plan

Indra Gandhi

Bank and insurance, coal mine nationalis

Increase tax , complex rules

1956 தொழில்துறை கொள்கை தீர்மானம்

Sail and bhel

Backlessh of licence raj

Relience industries thirubhai Ambani

Textile business

Tata consultancy services 1968

Infocis 1981

1970 and 1980

1991 changes

தாராளமயமாக்கல்

1990 to 2019